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# sqlglot.executor.python

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      1import ast
      2import collections
      3import itertools
      4import math
      5
      6from sqlglot import exp, generator, planner, tokens
      7from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import Dialect, inline_array_sql
      8from sqlglot.errors import ExecuteError
      9from sqlglot.executor.context import Context
     10from sqlglot.executor.env import ENV
     11from sqlglot.executor.table import RowReader, Table
     12from sqlglot.helper import csv_reader, subclasses
     13
     14
     15class PythonExecutor:
     16    def __init__(self, env=None, tables=None):
     17        self.generator = Python().generator(identify=True, comments=False)
     18        self.env = {**ENV, **(env or {})}
     19        self.tables = tables or {}
     20
     21    def execute(self, plan):
     22        running = set()
     23        finished = set()
     24        queue = set(plan.leaves)
     25        contexts = {}
     26
     27        while queue:
     28            node = queue.pop()
     29            try:
     30                context = self.context(
     31                    {
     32                        name: table
     33                        for dep in node.dependencies
     34                        for name, table in contexts[dep].tables.items()
     35                    }
     36                )
     37                running.add(node)
     38
     39                if isinstance(node, planner.Scan):
     40                    contexts[node] = self.scan(node, context)
     41                elif isinstance(node, planner.Aggregate):
     42                    contexts[node] = self.aggregate(node, context)
     43                elif isinstance(node, planner.Join):
     44                    contexts[node] = self.join(node, context)
     45                elif isinstance(node, planner.Sort):
     46                    contexts[node] = self.sort(node, context)
     47                elif isinstance(node, planner.SetOperation):
     48                    contexts[node] = self.set_operation(node, context)
     49                else:
     50                    raise NotImplementedError
     51
     52                running.remove(node)
     53                finished.add(node)
     54
     55                for dep in node.dependents:
     56                    if dep not in running and all(d in contexts for d in dep.dependencies):
     57                        queue.add(dep)
     58
     59                for dep in node.dependencies:
     60                    if all(d in finished for d in dep.dependents):
     61                        contexts.pop(dep)
     62            except Exception as e:
     63                raise ExecuteError(f"Step '{node.id}' failed: {e}") from e
     64
     65        root = plan.root
     66        return contexts[root].tables[root.name]
     67
     68    def generate(self, expression):
     69        """Convert a SQL expression into literal Python code and compile it into bytecode."""
     70        if not expression:
     71            return None
     72
     73        sql = self.generator.generate(expression)
     74        return compile(sql, sql, "eval", optimize=2)
     75
     76    def generate_tuple(self, expressions):
     77        """Convert an array of SQL expressions into tuple of Python byte code."""
     78        if not expressions:
     79            return tuple()
     80        return tuple(self.generate(expression) for expression in expressions)
     81
     82    def context(self, tables):
     83        return Context(tables, env=self.env)
     84
     85    def table(self, expressions):
     86        return Table(
     87            expression.alias_or_name if isinstance(expression, exp.Expression) else expression
     88            for expression in expressions
     89        )
     90
     91    def scan(self, step, context):
     92        source = step.source
     93
     94        if source and isinstance(source, exp.Expression):
     95            source = source.name or source.alias
     96
     97        if source is None:
     98            context, table_iter = self.static()
     99        elif source in context:
    100            if not step.projections and not step.condition:
    101                return self.context({step.name: context.tables[source]})
    102            table_iter = context.table_iter(source)
    103        elif isinstance(step.source, exp.Table) and isinstance(step.source.this, exp.ReadCSV):
    104            table_iter = self.scan_csv(step)
    105            context = next(table_iter)
    106        else:
    107            context, table_iter = self.scan_table(step)
    108
    109        return self.context({step.name: self._project_and_filter(context, step, table_iter)})
    110
    111    def _project_and_filter(self, context, step, table_iter):
    112        sink = self.table(step.projections if step.projections else context.columns)
    113        condition = self.generate(step.condition)
    114        projections = self.generate_tuple(step.projections)
    115
    116        for reader in table_iter:
    117            if len(sink) >= step.limit:
    118                break
    119
    120            if condition and not context.eval(condition):
    121                continue
    122
    123            if projections:
    124                sink.append(context.eval_tuple(projections))
    125            else:
    126                sink.append(reader.row)
    127
    128        return sink
    129
    130    def static(self):
    131        return self.context({}), [RowReader(())]
    132
    133    def scan_table(self, step):
    134        table = self.tables.find(step.source)
    135        context = self.context({step.source.alias_or_name: table})
    136        return context, iter(table)
    137
    138    def scan_csv(self, step):
    139        alias = step.source.alias
    140        source = step.source.this
    141
    142        with csv_reader(source) as reader:
    143            columns = next(reader)
    144            table = Table(columns)
    145            context = self.context({alias: table})
    146            yield context
    147            types = []
    148
    149            for row in reader:
    150                if not types:
    151                    for v in row:
    152                        try:
    153                            types.append(type(ast.literal_eval(v)))
    154                        except (ValueError, SyntaxError):
    155                            types.append(str)
    156                context.set_row(tuple(t(v) for t, v in zip(types, row)))
    157                yield context.table.reader
    158
    159    def join(self, step, context):
    160        source = step.name
    161
    162        source_table = context.tables[source]
    163        source_context = self.context({source: source_table})
    164        column_ranges = {source: range(0, len(source_table.columns))}
    165
    166        for name, join in step.joins.items():
    167            table = context.tables[name]
    168            start = max(r.stop for r in column_ranges.values())
    169            column_ranges[name] = range(start, len(table.columns) + start)
    170            join_context = self.context({name: table})
    171
    172            if join.get("source_key"):
    173                table = self.hash_join(join, source_context, join_context)
    174            else:
    175                table = self.nested_loop_join(join, source_context, join_context)
    176
    177            source_context = self.context(
    178                {
    179                    name: Table(table.columns, table.rows, column_range)
    180                    for name, column_range in column_ranges.items()
    181                }
    182            )
    183            condition = self.generate(join["condition"])
    184            if condition:
    185                source_context.filter(condition)
    186
    187        if not step.condition and not step.projections:
    188            return source_context
    189
    190        sink = self._project_and_filter(
    191            source_context,
    192            step,
    193            (reader for reader, _ in iter(source_context)),
    194        )
    195
    196        if step.projections:
    197            return self.context({step.name: sink})
    198        else:
    199            return self.context(
    200                {
    201                    name: Table(table.columns, sink.rows, table.column_range)
    202                    for name, table in source_context.tables.items()
    203                }
    204            )
    205
    206    def nested_loop_join(self, _join, source_context, join_context):
    207        table = Table(source_context.columns + join_context.columns)
    208
    209        for reader_a, _ in source_context:
    210            for reader_b, _ in join_context:
    211                table.append(reader_a.row + reader_b.row)
    212
    213        return table
    214
    215    def hash_join(self, join, source_context, join_context):
    216        source_key = self.generate_tuple(join["source_key"])
    217        join_key = self.generate_tuple(join["join_key"])
    218        left = join.get("side") == "LEFT"
    219        right = join.get("side") == "RIGHT"
    220
    221        results = collections.defaultdict(lambda: ([], []))
    222
    223        for reader, ctx in source_context:
    224            results[ctx.eval_tuple(source_key)][0].append(reader.row)
    225        for reader, ctx in join_context:
    226            results[ctx.eval_tuple(join_key)][1].append(reader.row)
    227
    228        table = Table(source_context.columns + join_context.columns)
    229        nulls = [(None,) * len(join_context.columns if left else source_context.columns)]
    230
    231        for a_group, b_group in results.values():
    232            if left:
    233                b_group = b_group or nulls
    234            elif right:
    235                a_group = a_group or nulls
    236
    237            for a_row, b_row in itertools.product(a_group, b_group):
    238                table.append(a_row + b_row)
    239
    240        return table
    241
    242    def aggregate(self, step, context):
    243        group_by = self.generate_tuple(step.group.values())
    244        aggregations = self.generate_tuple(step.aggregations)
    245        operands = self.generate_tuple(step.operands)
    246
    247        if operands:
    248            operand_table = Table(self.table(step.operands).columns)
    249
    250            for reader, ctx in context:
    251                operand_table.append(ctx.eval_tuple(operands))
    252
    253            for i, (a, b) in enumerate(zip(context.table.rows, operand_table.rows)):
    254                context.table.rows[i] = a + b
    255
    256            width = len(context.columns)
    257            context.add_columns(*operand_table.columns)
    258
    259            operand_table = Table(
    260                context.columns,
    261                context.table.rows,
    262                range(width, width + len(operand_table.columns)),
    263            )
    264
    265            context = self.context(
    266                {
    267                    None: operand_table,
    268                    **context.tables,
    269                }
    270            )
    271
    272        context.sort(group_by)
    273
    274        group = None
    275        start = 0
    276        end = 1
    277        length = len(context.table)
    278        table = self.table(list(step.group) + step.aggregations)
    279        condition = self.generate(step.condition)
    280
    281        def add_row():
    282            if not condition or context.eval(condition):
    283                table.append(group + context.eval_tuple(aggregations))
    284
    285        if length:
    286            for i in range(length):
    287                context.set_index(i)
    288                key = context.eval_tuple(group_by)
    289                group = key if group is None else group
    290                end += 1
    291                if key != group:
    292                    context.set_range(start, end - 2)
    293                    add_row()
    294                    group = key
    295                    start = end - 2
    296                if len(table.rows) >= step.limit:
    297                    break
    298                if i == length - 1:
    299                    context.set_range(start, end - 1)
    300                    add_row()
    301        elif step.limit > 0 and not group_by:
    302            context.set_range(0, 0)
    303            table.append(context.eval_tuple(aggregations))
    304
    305        context = self.context({step.name: table, **{name: table for name in context.tables}})
    306
    307        if step.projections:
    308            return self.scan(step, context)
    309        return context
    310
    311    def sort(self, step, context):
    312        projections = self.generate_tuple(step.projections)
    313        projection_columns = [p.alias_or_name for p in step.projections]
    314        all_columns = list(context.columns) + projection_columns
    315        sink = self.table(all_columns)
    316        for reader, ctx in context:
    317            sink.append(reader.row + ctx.eval_tuple(projections))
    318
    319        sort_ctx = self.context(
    320            {
    321                None: sink,
    322                **{table: sink for table in context.tables},
    323            }
    324        )
    325        sort_ctx.sort(self.generate_tuple(step.key))
    326
    327        if not math.isinf(step.limit):
    328            sort_ctx.table.rows = sort_ctx.table.rows[0 : step.limit]
    329
    330        output = Table(
    331            projection_columns,
    332            rows=[r[len(context.columns) : len(all_columns)] for r in sort_ctx.table.rows],
    333        )
    334        return self.context({step.name: output})
    335
    336    def set_operation(self, step, context):
    337        left = context.tables[step.left]
    338        right = context.tables[step.right]
    339
    340        sink = self.table(left.columns)
    341
    342        if issubclass(step.op, exp.Intersect):
    343            sink.rows = list(set(left.rows).intersection(set(right.rows)))
    344        elif issubclass(step.op, exp.Except):
    345            sink.rows = list(set(left.rows).difference(set(right.rows)))
    346        elif issubclass(step.op, exp.Union) and step.distinct:
    347            sink.rows = list(set(left.rows).union(set(right.rows)))
    348        else:
    349            sink.rows = left.rows + right.rows
    350
    351        return self.context({step.name: sink})
    352
    353
    354def _ordered_py(self, expression):
    355    this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    356    desc = "True" if expression.args.get("desc") else "False"
    357    nulls_first = "True" if expression.args.get("nulls_first") else "False"
    358    return f"ORDERED({this}, {desc}, {nulls_first})"
    359
    360
    361def _rename(self, e):
    362    try:
    363        values = list(e.args.values())
    364
    365        if len(values) == 1:
    366            values = values[0]
    367            if not isinstance(values, list):
    368                return self.func(e.key, values)
    369            return self.func(e.key, *values)
    370
    371        if isinstance(e, exp.Func) and e.is_var_len_args:
    372            *head, tail = values
    373            return self.func(e.key, *head, *tail)
    374
    375        return self.func(e.key, *values)
    376    except Exception as ex:
    377        raise Exception(f"Could not rename {repr(e)}") from ex
    378
    379
    380def _case_sql(self, expression):
    381    this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    382    chain = self.sql(expression, "default") or "None"
    383
    384    for e in reversed(expression.args["ifs"]):
    385        true = self.sql(e, "true")
    386        condition = self.sql(e, "this")
    387        condition = f"{this} = ({condition})" if this else condition
    388        chain = f"{true} if {condition} else ({chain})"
    389
    390    return chain
    391
    392
    393def _lambda_sql(self, e: exp.Lambda) -> str:
    394    names = {e.name.lower() for e in e.expressions}
    395
    396    e = e.transform(
    397        lambda n: exp.var(n.name)
    398        if isinstance(n, exp.Identifier) and n.name.lower() in names
    399        else n
    400    )
    401
    402    return f"lambda {self.expressions(e, flat=True)}: {self.sql(e, 'this')}"
    403
    404
    405class Python(Dialect):
    406    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    407        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\"]
    408
    409    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    410        TRANSFORMS = {
    411            **{klass: _rename for klass in subclasses(exp.__name__, exp.Binary)},
    412            **{klass: _rename for klass in exp.ALL_FUNCTIONS},
    413            exp.Case: _case_sql,
    414            exp.Alias: lambda self, e: self.sql(e.this),
    415            exp.Array: inline_array_sql,
    416            exp.And: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "and"),
    417            exp.Between: _rename,
    418            exp.Boolean: lambda self, e: "True" if e.this else "False",
    419            exp.Cast: lambda self, e: f"CAST({self.sql(e.this)}, exp.DataType.Type.{e.args['to']})",
    420            exp.Column: lambda self, e: f"scope[{self.sql(e, 'table') or None}][{self.sql(e.this)}]",
    421            exp.Distinct: lambda self, e: f"set({self.sql(e, 'this')})",
    422            exp.Extract: lambda self, e: f"EXTRACT('{e.name.lower()}', {self.sql(e, 'expression')})",
    423            exp.In: lambda self, e: f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} in {{{self.expressions(e, flat=True)}}}",
    424            exp.Interval: lambda self, e: f"INTERVAL({self.sql(e.this)}, '{self.sql(e.unit)}')",
    425            exp.Is: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "is"),
    426            exp.Lambda: _lambda_sql,
    427            exp.Not: lambda self, e: f"not {self.sql(e.this)}",
    428            exp.Null: lambda *_: "None",
    429            exp.Or: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "or"),
    430            exp.Ordered: _ordered_py,
    431            exp.Star: lambda *_: "1",
    432        }

class PythonExecutor: View Source

     16class PythonExecutor:
     17    def __init__(self, env=None, tables=None):
     18        self.generator = Python().generator(identify=True, comments=False)
     19        self.env = {**ENV, **(env or {})}
     20        self.tables = tables or {}
     21
     22    def execute(self, plan):
     23        running = set()
     24        finished = set()
     25        queue = set(plan.leaves)
     26        contexts = {}
     27
     28        while queue:
     29            node = queue.pop()
     30            try:
     31                context = self.context(
     32                    {
     33                        name: table
     34                        for dep in node.dependencies
     35                        for name, table in contexts[dep].tables.items()
     36                    }
     37                )
     38                running.add(node)
     39
     40                if isinstance(node, planner.Scan):
     41                    contexts[node] = self.scan(node, context)
     42                elif isinstance(node, planner.Aggregate):
     43                    contexts[node] = self.aggregate(node, context)
     44                elif isinstance(node, planner.Join):
     45                    contexts[node] = self.join(node, context)
     46                elif isinstance(node, planner.Sort):
     47                    contexts[node] = self.sort(node, context)
     48                elif isinstance(node, planner.SetOperation):
     49                    contexts[node] = self.set_operation(node, context)
     50                else:
     51                    raise NotImplementedError
     52
     53                running.remove(node)
     54                finished.add(node)
     55
     56                for dep in node.dependents:
     57                    if dep not in running and all(d in contexts for d in dep.dependencies):
     58                        queue.add(dep)
     59
     60                for dep in node.dependencies:
     61                    if all(d in finished for d in dep.dependents):
     62                        contexts.pop(dep)
     63            except Exception as e:
     64                raise ExecuteError(f"Step '{node.id}' failed: {e}") from e
     65
     66        root = plan.root
     67        return contexts[root].tables[root.name]
     68
     69    def generate(self, expression):
     70        """Convert a SQL expression into literal Python code and compile it into bytecode."""
     71        if not expression:
     72            return None
     73
     74        sql = self.generator.generate(expression)
     75        return compile(sql, sql, "eval", optimize=2)
     76
     77    def generate_tuple(self, expressions):
     78        """Convert an array of SQL expressions into tuple of Python byte code."""
     79        if not expressions:
     80            return tuple()
     81        return tuple(self.generate(expression) for expression in expressions)
     82
     83    def context(self, tables):
     84        return Context(tables, env=self.env)
     85
     86    def table(self, expressions):
     87        return Table(
     88            expression.alias_or_name if isinstance(expression, exp.Expression) else expression
     89            for expression in expressions
     90        )
     91
     92    def scan(self, step, context):
     93        source = step.source
     94
     95        if source and isinstance(source, exp.Expression):
     96            source = source.name or source.alias
     97
     98        if source is None:
     99            context, table_iter = self.static()
    100        elif source in context:
    101            if not step.projections and not step.condition:
    102                return self.context({step.name: context.tables[source]})
    103            table_iter = context.table_iter(source)
    104        elif isinstance(step.source, exp.Table) and isinstance(step.source.this, exp.ReadCSV):
    105            table_iter = self.scan_csv(step)
    106            context = next(table_iter)
    107        else:
    108            context, table_iter = self.scan_table(step)
    109
    110        return self.context({step.name: self._project_and_filter(context, step, table_iter)})
    111
    112    def _project_and_filter(self, context, step, table_iter):
    113        sink = self.table(step.projections if step.projections else context.columns)
    114        condition = self.generate(step.condition)
    115        projections = self.generate_tuple(step.projections)
    116
    117        for reader in table_iter:
    118            if len(sink) >= step.limit:
    119                break
    120
    121            if condition and not context.eval(condition):
    122                continue
    123
    124            if projections:
    125                sink.append(context.eval_tuple(projections))
    126            else:
    127                sink.append(reader.row)
    128
    129        return sink
    130
    131    def static(self):
    132        return self.context({}), [RowReader(())]
    133
    134    def scan_table(self, step):
    135        table = self.tables.find(step.source)
    136        context = self.context({step.source.alias_or_name: table})
    137        return context, iter(table)
    138
    139    def scan_csv(self, step):
    140        alias = step.source.alias
    141        source = step.source.this
    142
    143        with csv_reader(source) as reader:
    144            columns = next(reader)
    145            table = Table(columns)
    146            context = self.context({alias: table})
    147            yield context
    148            types = []
    149
    150            for row in reader:
    151                if not types:
    152                    for v in row:
    153                        try:
    154                            types.append(type(ast.literal_eval(v)))
    155                        except (ValueError, SyntaxError):
    156                            types.append(str)
    157                context.set_row(tuple(t(v) for t, v in zip(types, row)))
    158                yield context.table.reader
    159
    160    def join(self, step, context):
    161        source = step.name
    162
    163        source_table = context.tables[source]
    164        source_context = self.context({source: source_table})
    165        column_ranges = {source: range(0, len(source_table.columns))}
    166
    167        for name, join in step.joins.items():
    168            table = context.tables[name]
    169            start = max(r.stop for r in column_ranges.values())
    170            column_ranges[name] = range(start, len(table.columns) + start)
    171            join_context = self.context({name: table})
    172
    173            if join.get("source_key"):
    174                table = self.hash_join(join, source_context, join_context)
    175            else:
    176                table = self.nested_loop_join(join, source_context, join_context)
    177
    178            source_context = self.context(
    179                {
    180                    name: Table(table.columns, table.rows, column_range)
    181                    for name, column_range in column_ranges.items()
    182                }
    183            )
    184            condition = self.generate(join["condition"])
    185            if condition:
    186                source_context.filter(condition)
    187
    188        if not step.condition and not step.projections:
    189            return source_context
    190
    191        sink = self._project_and_filter(
    192            source_context,
    193            step,
    194            (reader for reader, _ in iter(source_context)),
    195        )
    196
    197        if step.projections:
    198            return self.context({step.name: sink})
    199        else:
    200            return self.context(
    201                {
    202                    name: Table(table.columns, sink.rows, table.column_range)
    203                    for name, table in source_context.tables.items()
    204                }
    205            )
    206
    207    def nested_loop_join(self, _join, source_context, join_context):
    208        table = Table(source_context.columns + join_context.columns)
    209
    210        for reader_a, _ in source_context:
    211            for reader_b, _ in join_context:
    212                table.append(reader_a.row + reader_b.row)
    213
    214        return table
    215
    216    def hash_join(self, join, source_context, join_context):
    217        source_key = self.generate_tuple(join["source_key"])
    218        join_key = self.generate_tuple(join["join_key"])
    219        left = join.get("side") == "LEFT"
    220        right = join.get("side") == "RIGHT"
    221
    222        results = collections.defaultdict(lambda: ([], []))
    223
    224        for reader, ctx in source_context:
    225            results[ctx.eval_tuple(source_key)][0].append(reader.row)
    226        for reader, ctx in join_context:
    227            results[ctx.eval_tuple(join_key)][1].append(reader.row)
    228
    229        table = Table(source_context.columns + join_context.columns)
    230        nulls = [(None,) * len(join_context.columns if left else source_context.columns)]
    231
    232        for a_group, b_group in results.values():
    233            if left:
    234                b_group = b_group or nulls
    235            elif right:
    236                a_group = a_group or nulls
    237
    238            for a_row, b_row in itertools.product(a_group, b_group):
    239                table.append(a_row + b_row)
    240
    241        return table
    242
    243    def aggregate(self, step, context):
    244        group_by = self.generate_tuple(step.group.values())
    245        aggregations = self.generate_tuple(step.aggregations)
    246        operands = self.generate_tuple(step.operands)
    247
    248        if operands:
    249            operand_table = Table(self.table(step.operands).columns)
    250
    251            for reader, ctx in context:
    252                operand_table.append(ctx.eval_tuple(operands))
    253
    254            for i, (a, b) in enumerate(zip(context.table.rows, operand_table.rows)):
    255                context.table.rows[i] = a + b
    256
    257            width = len(context.columns)
    258            context.add_columns(*operand_table.columns)
    259
    260            operand_table = Table(
    261                context.columns,
    262                context.table.rows,
    263                range(width, width + len(operand_table.columns)),
    264            )
    265
    266            context = self.context(
    267                {
    268                    None: operand_table,
    269                    **context.tables,
    270                }
    271            )
    272
    273        context.sort(group_by)
    274
    275        group = None
    276        start = 0
    277        end = 1
    278        length = len(context.table)
    279        table = self.table(list(step.group) + step.aggregations)
    280        condition = self.generate(step.condition)
    281
    282        def add_row():
    283            if not condition or context.eval(condition):
    284                table.append(group + context.eval_tuple(aggregations))
    285
    286        if length:
    287            for i in range(length):
    288                context.set_index(i)
    289                key = context.eval_tuple(group_by)
    290                group = key if group is None else group
    291                end += 1
    292                if key != group:
    293                    context.set_range(start, end - 2)
    294                    add_row()
    295                    group = key
    296                    start = end - 2
    297                if len(table.rows) >= step.limit:
    298                    break
    299                if i == length - 1:
    300                    context.set_range(start, end - 1)
    301                    add_row()
    302        elif step.limit > 0 and not group_by:
    303            context.set_range(0, 0)
    304            table.append(context.eval_tuple(aggregations))
    305
    306        context = self.context({step.name: table, **{name: table for name in context.tables}})
    307
    308        if step.projections:
    309            return self.scan(step, context)
    310        return context
    311
    312    def sort(self, step, context):
    313        projections = self.generate_tuple(step.projections)
    314        projection_columns = [p.alias_or_name for p in step.projections]
    315        all_columns = list(context.columns) + projection_columns
    316        sink = self.table(all_columns)
    317        for reader, ctx in context:
    318            sink.append(reader.row + ctx.eval_tuple(projections))
    319
    320        sort_ctx = self.context(
    321            {
    322                None: sink,
    323                **{table: sink for table in context.tables},
    324            }
    325        )
    326        sort_ctx.sort(self.generate_tuple(step.key))
    327
    328        if not math.isinf(step.limit):
    329            sort_ctx.table.rows = sort_ctx.table.rows[0 : step.limit]
    330
    331        output = Table(
    332            projection_columns,
    333            rows=[r[len(context.columns) : len(all_columns)] for r in sort_ctx.table.rows],
    334        )
    335        return self.context({step.name: output})
    336
    337    def set_operation(self, step, context):
    338        left = context.tables[step.left]
    339        right = context.tables[step.right]
    340
    341        sink = self.table(left.columns)
    342
    343        if issubclass(step.op, exp.Intersect):
    344            sink.rows = list(set(left.rows).intersection(set(right.rows)))
    345        elif issubclass(step.op, exp.Except):
    346            sink.rows = list(set(left.rows).difference(set(right.rows)))
    347        elif issubclass(step.op, exp.Union) and step.distinct:
    348            sink.rows = list(set(left.rows).union(set(right.rows)))
    349        else:
    350            sink.rows = left.rows + right.rows
    351
    352        return self.context({step.name: sink})

PythonExecutor(env=None, tables=None) View Source

    17    def __init__(self, env=None, tables=None):
    18        self.generator = Python().generator(identify=True, comments=False)
    19        self.env = {**ENV, **(env or {})}
    20        self.tables = tables or {}

generator
env
tables
def execute(self, plan): View Source

    22    def execute(self, plan):
    23        running = set()
    24        finished = set()
    25        queue = set(plan.leaves)
    26        contexts = {}
    27
    28        while queue:
    29            node = queue.pop()
    30            try:
    31                context = self.context(
    32                    {
    33                        name: table
    34                        for dep in node.dependencies
    35                        for name, table in contexts[dep].tables.items()
    36                    }
    37                )
    38                running.add(node)
    39
    40                if isinstance(node, planner.Scan):
    41                    contexts[node] = self.scan(node, context)
    42                elif isinstance(node, planner.Aggregate):
    43                    contexts[node] = self.aggregate(node, context)
    44                elif isinstance(node, planner.Join):
    45                    contexts[node] = self.join(node, context)
    46                elif isinstance(node, planner.Sort):
    47                    contexts[node] = self.sort(node, context)
    48                elif isinstance(node, planner.SetOperation):
    49                    contexts[node] = self.set_operation(node, context)
    50                else:
    51                    raise NotImplementedError
    52
    53                running.remove(node)
    54                finished.add(node)
    55
    56                for dep in node.dependents:
    57                    if dep not in running and all(d in contexts for d in dep.dependencies):
    58                        queue.add(dep)
    59
    60                for dep in node.dependencies:
    61                    if all(d in finished for d in dep.dependents):
    62                        contexts.pop(dep)
    63            except Exception as e:
    64                raise ExecuteError(f"Step '{node.id}' failed: {e}") from e
    65
    66        root = plan.root
    67        return contexts[root].tables[root.name]

def generate(self, expression): View Source

    69    def generate(self, expression):
    70        """Convert a SQL expression into literal Python code and compile it into bytecode."""
    71        if not expression:
    72            return None
    73
    74        sql = self.generator.generate(expression)
    75        return compile(sql, sql, "eval", optimize=2)

Convert a SQL expression into literal Python code and compile it into bytecode.

def generate_tuple(self, expressions): View Source

    77    def generate_tuple(self, expressions):
    78        """Convert an array of SQL expressions into tuple of Python byte code."""
    79        if not expressions:
    80            return tuple()
    81        return tuple(self.generate(expression) for expression in expressions)

Convert an array of SQL expressions into tuple of Python byte code.

def context(self, tables): View Source

    83    def context(self, tables):
    84        return Context(tables, env=self.env)

def table(self, expressions): View Source

    86    def table(self, expressions):
    87        return Table(
    88            expression.alias_or_name if isinstance(expression, exp.Expression) else expression
    89            for expression in expressions
    90        )

def scan(self, step, context): View Source

     92    def scan(self, step, context):
     93        source = step.source
     94
     95        if source and isinstance(source, exp.Expression):
     96            source = source.name or source.alias
     97
     98        if source is None:
     99            context, table_iter = self.static()
    100        elif source in context:
    101            if not step.projections and not step.condition:
    102                return self.context({step.name: context.tables[source]})
    103            table_iter = context.table_iter(source)
    104        elif isinstance(step.source, exp.Table) and isinstance(step.source.this, exp.ReadCSV):
    105            table_iter = self.scan_csv(step)
    106            context = next(table_iter)
    107        else:
    108            context, table_iter = self.scan_table(step)
    109
    110        return self.context({step.name: self._project_and_filter(context, step, table_iter)})

def static(self): View Source

    131    def static(self):
    132        return self.context({}), [RowReader(())]

def scan_table(self, step): View Source

    134    def scan_table(self, step):
    135        table = self.tables.find(step.source)
    136        context = self.context({step.source.alias_or_name: table})
    137        return context, iter(table)

def scan_csv(self, step): View Source

    139    def scan_csv(self, step):
    140        alias = step.source.alias
    141        source = step.source.this
    142
    143        with csv_reader(source) as reader:
    144            columns = next(reader)
    145            table = Table(columns)
    146            context = self.context({alias: table})
    147            yield context
    148            types = []
    149
    150            for row in reader:
    151                if not types:
    152                    for v in row:
    153                        try:
    154                            types.append(type(ast.literal_eval(v)))
    155                        except (ValueError, SyntaxError):
    156                            types.append(str)
    157                context.set_row(tuple(t(v) for t, v in zip(types, row)))
    158                yield context.table.reader

def join(self, step, context): View Source

    160    def join(self, step, context):
    161        source = step.name
    162
    163        source_table = context.tables[source]
    164        source_context = self.context({source: source_table})
    165        column_ranges = {source: range(0, len(source_table.columns))}
    166
    167        for name, join in step.joins.items():
    168            table = context.tables[name]
    169            start = max(r.stop for r in column_ranges.values())
    170            column_ranges[name] = range(start, len(table.columns) + start)
    171            join_context = self.context({name: table})
    172
    173            if join.get("source_key"):
    174                table = self.hash_join(join, source_context, join_context)
    175            else:
    176                table = self.nested_loop_join(join, source_context, join_context)
    177
    178            source_context = self.context(
    179                {
    180                    name: Table(table.columns, table.rows, column_range)
    181                    for name, column_range in column_ranges.items()
    182                }
    183            )
    184            condition = self.generate(join["condition"])
    185            if condition:
    186                source_context.filter(condition)
    187
    188        if not step.condition and not step.projections:
    189            return source_context
    190
    191        sink = self._project_and_filter(
    192            source_context,
    193            step,
    194            (reader for reader, _ in iter(source_context)),
    195        )
    196
    197        if step.projections:
    198            return self.context({step.name: sink})
    199        else:
    200            return self.context(
    201                {
    202                    name: Table(table.columns, sink.rows, table.column_range)
    203                    for name, table in source_context.tables.items()
    204                }
    205            )

def nested_loop_join(self, _join, source_context, join_context): View Source

    207    def nested_loop_join(self, _join, source_context, join_context):
    208        table = Table(source_context.columns + join_context.columns)
    209
    210        for reader_a, _ in source_context:
    211            for reader_b, _ in join_context:
    212                table.append(reader_a.row + reader_b.row)
    213
    214        return table

def hash_join(self, join, source_context, join_context): View Source

    216    def hash_join(self, join, source_context, join_context):
    217        source_key = self.generate_tuple(join["source_key"])
    218        join_key = self.generate_tuple(join["join_key"])
    219        left = join.get("side") == "LEFT"
    220        right = join.get("side") == "RIGHT"
    221
    222        results = collections.defaultdict(lambda: ([], []))
    223
    224        for reader, ctx in source_context:
    225            results[ctx.eval_tuple(source_key)][0].append(reader.row)
    226        for reader, ctx in join_context:
    227            results[ctx.eval_tuple(join_key)][1].append(reader.row)
    228
    229        table = Table(source_context.columns + join_context.columns)
    230        nulls = [(None,) * len(join_context.columns if left else source_context.columns)]
    231
    232        for a_group, b_group in results.values():
    233            if left:
    234                b_group = b_group or nulls
    235            elif right:
    236                a_group = a_group or nulls
    237
    238            for a_row, b_row in itertools.product(a_group, b_group):
    239                table.append(a_row + b_row)
    240
    241        return table

def aggregate(self, step, context): View Source

    243    def aggregate(self, step, context):
    244        group_by = self.generate_tuple(step.group.values())
    245        aggregations = self.generate_tuple(step.aggregations)
    246        operands = self.generate_tuple(step.operands)
    247
    248        if operands:
    249            operand_table = Table(self.table(step.operands).columns)
    250
    251            for reader, ctx in context:
    252                operand_table.append(ctx.eval_tuple(operands))
    253
    254            for i, (a, b) in enumerate(zip(context.table.rows, operand_table.rows)):
    255                context.table.rows[i] = a + b
    256
    257            width = len(context.columns)
    258            context.add_columns(*operand_table.columns)
    259
    260            operand_table = Table(
    261                context.columns,
    262                context.table.rows,
    263                range(width, width + len(operand_table.columns)),
    264            )
    265
    266            context = self.context(
    267                {
    268                    None: operand_table,
    269                    **context.tables,
    270                }
    271            )
    272
    273        context.sort(group_by)
    274
    275        group = None
    276        start = 0
    277        end = 1
    278        length = len(context.table)
    279        table = self.table(list(step.group) + step.aggregations)
    280        condition = self.generate(step.condition)
    281
    282        def add_row():
    283            if not condition or context.eval(condition):
    284                table.append(group + context.eval_tuple(aggregations))
    285
    286        if length:
    287            for i in range(length):
    288                context.set_index(i)
    289                key = context.eval_tuple(group_by)
    290                group = key if group is None else group
    291                end += 1
    292                if key != group:
    293                    context.set_range(start, end - 2)
    294                    add_row()
    295                    group = key
    296                    start = end - 2
    297                if len(table.rows) >= step.limit:
    298                    break
    299                if i == length - 1:
    300                    context.set_range(start, end - 1)
    301                    add_row()
    302        elif step.limit > 0 and not group_by:
    303            context.set_range(0, 0)
    304            table.append(context.eval_tuple(aggregations))
    305
    306        context = self.context({step.name: table, **{name: table for name in context.tables}})
    307
    308        if step.projections:
    309            return self.scan(step, context)
    310        return context

def sort(self, step, context): View Source

    312    def sort(self, step, context):
    313        projections = self.generate_tuple(step.projections)
    314        projection_columns = [p.alias_or_name for p in step.projections]
    315        all_columns = list(context.columns) + projection_columns
    316        sink = self.table(all_columns)
    317        for reader, ctx in context:
    318            sink.append(reader.row + ctx.eval_tuple(projections))
    319
    320        sort_ctx = self.context(
    321            {
    322                None: sink,
    323                **{table: sink for table in context.tables},
    324            }
    325        )
    326        sort_ctx.sort(self.generate_tuple(step.key))
    327
    328        if not math.isinf(step.limit):
    329            sort_ctx.table.rows = sort_ctx.table.rows[0 : step.limit]
    330
    331        output = Table(
    332            projection_columns,
    333            rows=[r[len(context.columns) : len(all_columns)] for r in sort_ctx.table.rows],
    334        )
    335        return self.context({step.name: output})

def set_operation(self, step, context): View Source

    337    def set_operation(self, step, context):
    338        left = context.tables[step.left]
    339        right = context.tables[step.right]
    340
    341        sink = self.table(left.columns)
    342
    343        if issubclass(step.op, exp.Intersect):
    344            sink.rows = list(set(left.rows).intersection(set(right.rows)))
    345        elif issubclass(step.op, exp.Except):
    346            sink.rows = list(set(left.rows).difference(set(right.rows)))
    347        elif issubclass(step.op, exp.Union) and step.distinct:
    348            sink.rows = list(set(left.rows).union(set(right.rows)))
    349        else:
    350            sink.rows = left.rows + right.rows
    351
    352        return self.context({step.name: sink})

class Python(sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect): View Source

    406class Python(Dialect):
    407    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    408        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\"]
    409
    410    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    411        TRANSFORMS = {
    412            **{klass: _rename for klass in subclasses(exp.__name__, exp.Binary)},
    413            **{klass: _rename for klass in exp.ALL_FUNCTIONS},
    414            exp.Case: _case_sql,
    415            exp.Alias: lambda self, e: self.sql(e.this),
    416            exp.Array: inline_array_sql,
    417            exp.And: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "and"),
    418            exp.Between: _rename,
    419            exp.Boolean: lambda self, e: "True" if e.this else "False",
    420            exp.Cast: lambda self, e: f"CAST({self.sql(e.this)}, exp.DataType.Type.{e.args['to']})",
    421            exp.Column: lambda self, e: f"scope[{self.sql(e, 'table') or None}][{self.sql(e.this)}]",
    422            exp.Distinct: lambda self, e: f"set({self.sql(e, 'this')})",
    423            exp.Extract: lambda self, e: f"EXTRACT('{e.name.lower()}', {self.sql(e, 'expression')})",
    424            exp.In: lambda self, e: f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} in {{{self.expressions(e, flat=True)}}}",
    425            exp.Interval: lambda self, e: f"INTERVAL({self.sql(e.this)}, '{self.sql(e.unit)}')",
    426            exp.Is: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "is"),
    427            exp.Lambda: _lambda_sql,
    428            exp.Not: lambda self, e: f"not {self.sql(e.this)}",
    429            exp.Null: lambda *_: "None",
    430            exp.Or: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "or"),
    431            exp.Ordered: _ordered_py,
    432            exp.Star: lambda *_: "1",
    433        }

tokenizer_class = <class 'sqlglot.executor.python.Python.Tokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'sqlglot.parser.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'sqlglot.executor.python.Python.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
BIT_START = None
BIT_END = None
HEX_START = None
HEX_END = None
BYTE_START = None
BYTE_END = None
RAW_START = None
RAW_END = None

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect
  INDEX_OFFSET
  UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY
  ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE
  RESOLVES_IDENTIFIERS_AS_UPPERCASE
  IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT
  STRICT_STRING_CONCAT
  NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS
  NULL_ORDERING
  DATE_FORMAT
  DATEINT_FORMAT
  TIME_FORMAT
  TIME_MAPPING
  FORMAT_MAPPING
  get_or_raise
  format_time
  normalize_identifier
  case_sensitive
  can_identify
  quote_identifier
  parse
  parse_into
  generate
  transpile
  tokenize
  tokenizer
  parser
  generator

class Python.Tokenizer(sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer): View Source

    407    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    408        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\"]

STRING_ESCAPES = ['\\']

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer
  SINGLE_TOKENS
  BIT_STRINGS
  BYTE_STRINGS
  HEX_STRINGS
  RAW_STRINGS
  IDENTIFIERS
  IDENTIFIER_ESCAPES
  QUOTES
  VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS
  IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT
  KEYWORDS
  WHITE_SPACE
  COMMANDS
  COMMAND_PREFIX_TOKENS
  NUMERIC_LITERALS
  ENCODE
  COMMENTS
  reset
  tokenize
  peek
  size
  sql
  tokens

class Python.Generator(sqlglot.generator.Generator): View Source

    410    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    411        TRANSFORMS = {
    412            **{klass: _rename for klass in subclasses(exp.__name__, exp.Binary)},
    413            **{klass: _rename for klass in exp.ALL_FUNCTIONS},
    414            exp.Case: _case_sql,
    415            exp.Alias: lambda self, e: self.sql(e.this),
    416            exp.Array: inline_array_sql,
    417            exp.And: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "and"),
    418            exp.Between: _rename,
    419            exp.Boolean: lambda self, e: "True" if e.this else "False",
    420            exp.Cast: lambda self, e: f"CAST({self.sql(e.this)}, exp.DataType.Type.{e.args['to']})",
    421            exp.Column: lambda self, e: f"scope[{self.sql(e, 'table') or None}][{self.sql(e.this)}]",
    422            exp.Distinct: lambda self, e: f"set({self.sql(e, 'this')})",
    423            exp.Extract: lambda self, e: f"EXTRACT('{e.name.lower()}', {self.sql(e, 'expression')})",
    424            exp.In: lambda self, e: f"{self.sql(e, 'this')} in {{{self.expressions(e, flat=True)}}}",
    425            exp.Interval: lambda self, e: f"INTERVAL({self.sql(e.this)}, '{self.sql(e.unit)}')",
    426            exp.Is: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "is"),
    427            exp.Lambda: _lambda_sql,
    428            exp.Not: lambda self, e: f"not {self.sql(e.this)}",
    429            exp.Null: lambda *_: "None",
    430            exp.Or: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "or"),
    431            exp.Ordered: _ordered_py,
    432            exp.Star: lambda *_: "1",
    433        }

Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.

###### Arguments:

- pretty: Whether or not to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
- identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
- normalize: Whether or not to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
- pad: Determines the pad size in a formatted string. Default: 2.
- indent: Determines the indentation size in a formatted string. Default: 2.
- normalize_functions: Whether or not to normalize all function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
- unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
- max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
- leading_comma: Determines whether or not the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
- max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
- comments: Whether or not to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True

TRANSFORMS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Add'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.And'>: <function Python.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContained'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Binary'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseAnd'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseLeftShift'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseOr'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseRightShift'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Connector'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DPipe'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Distance'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Div'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Dot'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EQ'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Escape'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GT'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GTE'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Glob'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ILike'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ILikeAny'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntDiv'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Is'>: <function Python.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBContains'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Kwarg'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LT'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LTE'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Like'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeAny'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Mod'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Mul'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NEQ'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NullSafeEQ'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NullSafeNEQ'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Or'>: <function Python.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Overlaps'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDPipe'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SimilarTo'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Slice'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sub'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>: <function inline_array_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAgg'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayJoin'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUnionAgg'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>: <function _case_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>: <function Python.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CastToStrType'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Concat'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConcatWs'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Count'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDateStr'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateTrunc'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>: <function Python.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase64'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Greatest'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hex'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hll'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDateOfMonth'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Least'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Left'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Log'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Log10'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Log2'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MatchAgainst'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NextValueFor'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nvl2'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OpenJSON'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParameterizedAgg'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Posexplode'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RangeN'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReadCSV'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reduce'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Right'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowNumber'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeConcat'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetAgg'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StandardHash'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToTimeStr'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeTrunc'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDateStr'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.When'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Alias'>: <function Python.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Between'>: <function _rename>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Boolean'>: <function Python.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Column'>: <function Python.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Distinct'>: <function Python.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.In'>: <function Python.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Interval'>: <function Python.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lambda'>: <function _lambda_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Not'>: <function Python.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Null'>: <function Python.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ordered'>: <function _ordered_py>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Star'>: <function Python.Generator.<lambda>>}
SELECT_KINDS: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {}
@classmethod
def can_identify(text: str, identify: str | bool = 'safe') -> bool: View Source

    247    @classmethod
    248    def can_identify(cls, text: str, identify: str | bool = "safe") -> bool:
    249        """Checks if text can be identified given an identify option.
    250
    251        Args:
    252            text: The text to check.
    253            identify:
    254                "always" or `True`: Always returns true.
    255                "safe": True if the identifier is case-insensitive.
    256
    257        Returns:
    258            Whether or not the given text can be identified.
    259        """
    260        if identify is True or identify == "always":
    261            return True
    262
    263        if identify == "safe":
    264            return not cls.case_sensitive(text)
    265
    266        return False

Checks if text can be identified given an identify option.

###### Arguments:

- text: The text to check.
- identify: "always" or `True`: Always returns true. "safe": True if the identifier is case-insensitive.

###### Returns:

> Whether or not the given text can be identified.

QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
STRING_ESCAPE = '\\'
IDENTIFIER_ESCAPE = '"'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = None
HEX_END: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = None
RAW_START: Optional[str] = None
RAW_END: Optional[str] = None

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.generator.Generator
  Generator
  NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED
  LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED
  EXPLICIT_UNION
  WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES
  CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS
  MATCHED_BY_SOURCE
  SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL
  INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM
  TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD
  TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT
  LIMIT_FETCH
  RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB
  GROUPINGS_SEP
  INDEX_ON
  JOIN_HINTS
  TABLE_HINTS
  IS_BOOL_ALLOWED
  TYPE_MAPPING
  STAR_MAPPING
  TIME_PART_SINGULARS
  TOKEN_MAPPING
  STRUCT_DELIMITER
  PARAMETER_TOKEN
  PROPERTIES_LOCATION
  RESERVED_KEYWORDS
  WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS
  UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES
  SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK
  INDEX_OFFSET
  UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY
  ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE
  IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT
  STRICT_STRING_CONCAT
  NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS
  NULL_ORDERING
  pretty
  identify
  normalize
  pad
  unsupported_level
  max_unsupported
  leading_comma
  max_text_width
  comments
  normalize_functions
  unsupported_messages
  generate
  unsupported
  sep
  seg
  pad_comment
  maybe_comment
  wrap
  no_identify
  normalize_func
  indent
  sql
  uncache_sql
  cache_sql
  characterset_sql
  column_sql
  columnposition_sql
  columndef_sql
  columnconstraint_sql
  autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql
  compresscolumnconstraint_sql
  generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql
  notnullcolumnconstraint_sql
  primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql
  uniquecolumnconstraint_sql
  createable_sql
  create_sql
  clone_sql
  describe_sql
  prepend_ctes
  with_sql
  cte_sql
  tablealias_sql
  bitstring_sql
  hexstring_sql
  bytestring_sql
  rawstring_sql
  datatypesize_sql
  datatype_sql
  directory_sql
  delete_sql
  drop_sql
  except_sql
  except_op
  fetch_sql
  filter_sql
  hint_sql
  index_sql
  identifier_sql
  inputoutputformat_sql
  national_sql
  partition_sql
  properties_sql
  root_properties
  properties
  with_properties
  locate_properties
  property_sql
  likeproperty_sql
  fallbackproperty_sql
  journalproperty_sql
  freespaceproperty_sql
  checksumproperty_sql
  mergeblockratioproperty_sql
  datablocksizeproperty_sql
  blockcompressionproperty_sql
  isolatedloadingproperty_sql
  lockingproperty_sql
  withdataproperty_sql
  insert_sql
  intersect_sql
  intersect_op
  introducer_sql
  pseudotype_sql
  onconflict_sql
  returning_sql
  rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql
  withtablehint_sql
  indextablehint_sql
  table_sql
  tablesample_sql
  pivot_sql
  tuple_sql
  update_sql
  values_sql
  var_sql
  into_sql
  from_sql
  group_sql
  having_sql
  join_sql
  lambda_sql
  lateral_sql
  limit_sql
  offset_sql
  setitem_sql
  set_sql
  pragma_sql
  lock_sql
  literal_sql
  escape_str
  loaddata_sql
  null_sql
  boolean_sql
  order_sql
  cluster_sql
  distribute_sql
  sort_sql
  ordered_sql
  matchrecognize_sql
  query_modifiers
  offset_limit_modifiers
  after_having_modifiers
  after_limit_modifiers
  select_sql
  schema_sql
  schema_columns_sql
  star_sql
  parameter_sql
  sessionparameter_sql
  placeholder_sql
  subquery_sql
  qualify_sql
  union_sql
  union_op
  unnest_sql
  where_sql
  window_sql
  partition_by_sql
  windowspec_sql
  withingroup_sql
  between_sql
  bracket_sql
  all_sql
  any_sql
  exists_sql
  case_sql
  constraint_sql
  nextvaluefor_sql
  extract_sql
  trim_sql
  safeconcat_sql
  check_sql
  foreignkey_sql
  primarykey_sql
  if_sql
  matchagainst_sql
  jsonkeyvalue_sql
  jsonobject_sql
  openjsoncolumndef_sql
  openjson_sql
  in_sql
  in_unnest_op
  interval_sql
  return_sql
  reference_sql
  anonymous_sql
  paren_sql
  neg_sql
  not_sql
  alias_sql
  aliases_sql
  attimezone_sql
  add_sql
  and_sql
  connector_sql
  bitwiseand_sql
  bitwiseleftshift_sql
  bitwisenot_sql
  bitwiseor_sql
  bitwiserightshift_sql
  bitwisexor_sql
  cast_sql
  currentdate_sql
  collate_sql
  command_sql
  comment_sql
  mergetreettlaction_sql
  mergetreettl_sql
  transaction_sql
  commit_sql
  rollback_sql
  altercolumn_sql
  renametable_sql
  altertable_sql
  droppartition_sql
  addconstraint_sql
  distinct_sql
  ignorenulls_sql
  respectnulls_sql
  intdiv_sql
  dpipe_sql
  safedpipe_sql
  div_sql
  overlaps_sql
  distance_sql
  dot_sql
  eq_sql
  escape_sql
  glob_sql
  gt_sql
  gte_sql
  ilike_sql
  ilikeany_sql
  is_sql
  like_sql
  likeany_sql
  similarto_sql
  lt_sql
  lte_sql
  mod_sql
  mul_sql
  neq_sql
  nullsafeeq_sql
  nullsafeneq_sql
  or_sql
  slice_sql
  sub_sql
  trycast_sql
  use_sql
  binary
  function_fallback_sql
  func
  format_args
  text_width
  format_time
  expressions
  op_expressions
  naked_property
  set_operation
  tag_sql
  token_sql
  userdefinedfunction_sql
  joinhint_sql
  kwarg_sql
  when_sql
  merge_sql
  tochar_sql
  dictproperty_sql
  dictrange_sql
  dictsubproperty_sql
  oncluster_sql