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# sqlglot.transforms

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      1from __future__ import annotations
      2
      3import typing as t
      4
      5from sqlglot import expressions as exp
      6from sqlglot.helper import find_new_name, name_sequence
      7
      8if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
      9    from sqlglot.generator import Generator
     10
     11
     12def unalias_group(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
     13    """
     14    Replace references to select aliases in GROUP BY clauses.
     15
     16    Example:
     17        >>> import sqlglot
     18        >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT a AS b FROM x GROUP BY b").transform(unalias_group).sql()
     19        'SELECT a AS b FROM x GROUP BY 1'
     20
     21    Args:
     22        expression: the expression that will be transformed.
     23
     24    Returns:
     25        The transformed expression.
     26    """
     27    if isinstance(expression, exp.Group) and isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
     28        aliased_selects = {
     29            e.alias: i
     30            for i, e in enumerate(expression.parent.expressions, start=1)
     31            if isinstance(e, exp.Alias)
     32        }
     33
     34        for group_by in expression.expressions:
     35            if (
     36                isinstance(group_by, exp.Column)
     37                and not group_by.table
     38                and group_by.name in aliased_selects
     39            ):
     40                group_by.replace(exp.Literal.number(aliased_selects.get(group_by.name)))
     41
     42    return expression
     43
     44
     45def eliminate_distinct_on(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
     46    """
     47    Convert SELECT DISTINCT ON statements to a subquery with a window function.
     48
     49    This is useful for dialects that don't support SELECT DISTINCT ON but support window functions.
     50
     51    Args:
     52        expression: the expression that will be transformed.
     53
     54    Returns:
     55        The transformed expression.
     56    """
     57    if (
     58        isinstance(expression, exp.Select)
     59        and expression.args.get("distinct")
     60        and expression.args["distinct"].args.get("on")
     61        and isinstance(expression.args["distinct"].args["on"], exp.Tuple)
     62    ):
     63        distinct_cols = expression.args["distinct"].pop().args["on"].expressions
     64        outer_selects = expression.selects
     65        row_number = find_new_name(expression.named_selects, "_row_number")
     66        window = exp.Window(this=exp.RowNumber(), partition_by=distinct_cols)
     67        order = expression.args.get("order")
     68
     69        if order:
     70            window.set("order", order.pop().copy())
     71
     72        window = exp.alias_(window, row_number)
     73        expression.select(window, copy=False)
     74
     75        return exp.select(*outer_selects).from_(expression.subquery()).where(f'"{row_number}" = 1')
     76
     77    return expression
     78
     79
     80def eliminate_qualify(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
     81    """
     82    Convert SELECT statements that contain the QUALIFY clause into subqueries, filtered equivalently.
     83
     84    The idea behind this transformation can be seen in Snowflake's documentation for QUALIFY:
     85    https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/constructs/qualify
     86
     87    Some dialects don't support window functions in the WHERE clause, so we need to include them as
     88    projections in the subquery, in order to refer to them in the outer filter using aliases. Also,
     89    if a column is referenced in the QUALIFY clause but is not selected, we need to include it too,
     90    otherwise we won't be able to refer to it in the outer query's WHERE clause.
     91    """
     92    if isinstance(expression, exp.Select) and expression.args.get("qualify"):
     93        taken = set(expression.named_selects)
     94        for select in expression.selects:
     95            if not select.alias_or_name:
     96                alias = find_new_name(taken, "_c")
     97                select.replace(exp.alias_(select, alias))
     98                taken.add(alias)
     99
    100        outer_selects = exp.select(*[select.alias_or_name for select in expression.selects])
    101        qualify_filters = expression.args["qualify"].pop().this
    102
    103        for expr in qualify_filters.find_all((exp.Window, exp.Column)):
    104            if isinstance(expr, exp.Window):
    105                alias = find_new_name(expression.named_selects, "_w")
    106                expression.select(exp.alias_(expr, alias), copy=False)
    107                column = exp.column(alias)
    108
    109                if isinstance(expr.parent, exp.Qualify):
    110                    qualify_filters = column
    111                else:
    112                    expr.replace(column)
    113            elif expr.name not in expression.named_selects:
    114                expression.select(expr.copy(), copy=False)
    115
    116        return outer_selects.from_(expression.subquery(alias="_t")).where(qualify_filters)
    117
    118    return expression
    119
    120
    121def remove_precision_parameterized_types(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
    122    """
    123    Some dialects only allow the precision for parameterized types to be defined in the DDL and not in
    124    other expressions. This transforms removes the precision from parameterized types in expressions.
    125    """
    126    for node in expression.find_all(exp.DataType):
    127        node.set("expressions", [e for e in node.expressions if isinstance(e, exp.DataType)])
    128
    129    return expression
    130
    131
    132def unnest_to_explode(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
    133    """Convert cross join unnest into lateral view explode (used in presto -> hive)."""
    134    if isinstance(expression, exp.Select):
    135        for join in expression.args.get("joins") or []:
    136            unnest = join.this
    137
    138            if isinstance(unnest, exp.Unnest):
    139                alias = unnest.args.get("alias")
    140                udtf = exp.Posexplode if unnest.args.get("ordinality") else exp.Explode
    141
    142                expression.args["joins"].remove(join)
    143
    144                for e, column in zip(unnest.expressions, alias.columns if alias else []):
    145                    expression.append(
    146                        "laterals",
    147                        exp.Lateral(
    148                            this=udtf(this=e),
    149                            view=True,
    150                            alias=exp.TableAlias(this=alias.this, columns=[column]),  # type: ignore
    151                        ),
    152                    )
    153
    154    return expression
    155
    156
    157def explode_to_unnest(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
    158    """Convert explode/posexplode into unnest (used in hive -> presto)."""
    159    if isinstance(expression, exp.Select):
    160        from sqlglot.optimizer.scope import build_scope
    161
    162        taken_select_names = set(expression.named_selects)
    163        scope = build_scope(expression)
    164        if not scope:
    165            return expression
    166        taken_source_names = set(scope.selected_sources)
    167
    168        for select in expression.selects:
    169            to_replace = select
    170
    171            pos_alias = ""
    172            explode_alias = ""
    173
    174            if isinstance(select, exp.Alias):
    175                explode_alias = select.alias
    176                select = select.this
    177            elif isinstance(select, exp.Aliases):
    178                pos_alias = select.aliases[0].name
    179                explode_alias = select.aliases[1].name
    180                select = select.this
    181
    182            if isinstance(select, (exp.Explode, exp.Posexplode)):
    183                is_posexplode = isinstance(select, exp.Posexplode)
    184
    185                explode_arg = select.this
    186                unnest = exp.Unnest(expressions=[explode_arg.copy()], ordinality=is_posexplode)
    187
    188                # This ensures that we won't use [POS]EXPLODE's argument as a new selection
    189                if isinstance(explode_arg, exp.Column):
    190                    taken_select_names.add(explode_arg.output_name)
    191
    192                unnest_source_alias = find_new_name(taken_source_names, "_u")
    193                taken_source_names.add(unnest_source_alias)
    194
    195                if not explode_alias:
    196                    explode_alias = find_new_name(taken_select_names, "col")
    197                    taken_select_names.add(explode_alias)
    198
    199                    if is_posexplode:
    200                        pos_alias = find_new_name(taken_select_names, "pos")
    201                        taken_select_names.add(pos_alias)
    202
    203                if is_posexplode:
    204                    column_names = [explode_alias, pos_alias]
    205                    to_replace.pop()
    206                    expression.select(pos_alias, explode_alias, copy=False)
    207                else:
    208                    column_names = [explode_alias]
    209                    to_replace.replace(exp.column(explode_alias))
    210
    211                unnest = exp.alias_(unnest, unnest_source_alias, table=column_names)
    212
    213                if not expression.args.get("from"):
    214                    expression.from_(unnest, copy=False)
    215                else:
    216                    expression.join(unnest, join_type="CROSS", copy=False)
    217
    218    return expression
    219
    220
    221def remove_target_from_merge(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
    222    """Remove table refs from columns in when statements."""
    223    if isinstance(expression, exp.Merge):
    224        alias = expression.this.args.get("alias")
    225        targets = {expression.this.this}
    226        if alias:
    227            targets.add(alias.this)
    228
    229        for when in expression.expressions:
    230            when.transform(
    231                lambda node: exp.column(node.name)
    232                if isinstance(node, exp.Column) and node.args.get("table") in targets
    233                else node,
    234                copy=False,
    235            )
    236
    237    return expression
    238
    239
    240def remove_within_group_for_percentiles(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
    241    if (
    242        isinstance(expression, exp.WithinGroup)
    243        and isinstance(expression.this, (exp.PercentileCont, exp.PercentileDisc))
    244        and isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Order)
    245    ):
    246        quantile = expression.this.this
    247        input_value = t.cast(exp.Ordered, expression.find(exp.Ordered)).this
    248        return expression.replace(exp.ApproxQuantile(this=input_value, quantile=quantile))
    249
    250    return expression
    251
    252
    253def add_recursive_cte_column_names(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
    254    if isinstance(expression, exp.With) and expression.recursive:
    255        next_name = name_sequence("_c_")
    256
    257        for cte in expression.expressions:
    258            if not cte.args["alias"].columns:
    259                query = cte.this
    260                if isinstance(query, exp.Union):
    261                    query = query.this
    262
    263                cte.args["alias"].set(
    264                    "columns",
    265                    [exp.to_identifier(s.alias_or_name or next_name()) for s in query.selects],
    266                )
    267
    268    return expression
    269
    270
    271def epoch_cast_to_ts(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
    272    if (
    273        isinstance(expression, (exp.Cast, exp.TryCast))
    274        and expression.name.lower() == "epoch"
    275        and expression.to.this in exp.DataType.TEMPORAL_TYPES
    276    ):
    277        expression.this.replace(exp.Literal.string("1970-01-01 00:00:00"))
    278
    279    return expression
    280
    281
    282def preprocess(
    283    transforms: t.List[t.Callable[[exp.Expression], exp.Expression]],
    284) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.Expression], str]:
    285    """
    286    Creates a new transform by chaining a sequence of transformations and converts the resulting
    287    expression to SQL, using either the "_sql" method corresponding to the resulting expression,
    288    or the appropriate `Generator.TRANSFORMS` function (when applicable -- see below).
    289
    290    Args:
    291        transforms: sequence of transform functions. These will be called in order.
    292
    293    Returns:
    294        Function that can be used as a generator transform.
    295    """
    296
    297    def _to_sql(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
    298        expression_type = type(expression)
    299
    300        expression = transforms[0](expression.copy())
    301        for t in transforms[1:]:
    302            expression = t(expression)
    303
    304        _sql_handler = getattr(self, expression.key + "_sql", None)
    305        if _sql_handler:
    306            return _sql_handler(expression)
    307
    308        transforms_handler = self.TRANSFORMS.get(type(expression))
    309        if transforms_handler:
    310            # Ensures we don't enter an infinite loop. This can happen when the original expression
    311            # has the same type as the final expression and there's no _sql method available for it,
    312            # because then it'd re-enter _to_sql.
    313            if expression_type is type(expression):
    314                raise ValueError(
    315                    f"Expression type {expression.__class__.__name__} requires a _sql method in order to be transformed."
    316                )
    317
    318            return transforms_handler(self, expression)
    319
    320        raise ValueError(f"Unsupported expression type {expression.__class__.__name__}.")
    321
    322    return _to_sql

def unalias_group( expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression) -> sqlglot.expressions.Expression: View Source

    13def unalias_group(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
    14    """
    15    Replace references to select aliases in GROUP BY clauses.
    16
    17    Example:
    18        >>> import sqlglot
    19        >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT a AS b FROM x GROUP BY b").transform(unalias_group).sql()
    20        'SELECT a AS b FROM x GROUP BY 1'
    21
    22    Args:
    23        expression: the expression that will be transformed.
    24
    25    Returns:
    26        The transformed expression.
    27    """
    28    if isinstance(expression, exp.Group) and isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
    29        aliased_selects = {
    30            e.alias: i
    31            for i, e in enumerate(expression.parent.expressions, start=1)
    32            if isinstance(e, exp.Alias)
    33        }
    34
    35        for group_by in expression.expressions:
    36            if (
    37                isinstance(group_by, exp.Column)
    38                and not group_by.table
    39                and group_by.name in aliased_selects
    40            ):
    41                group_by.replace(exp.Literal.number(aliased_selects.get(group_by.name)))
    42
    43    return expression

Replace references to select aliases in GROUP BY clauses.

###### Example:

>     >>> import sqlglot
>     >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT a AS b FROM x GROUP BY b").transform(unalias_group).sql()
>     'SELECT a AS b FROM x GROUP BY 1'

###### Arguments:

- expression: the expression that will be transformed.

###### Returns:

> The transformed expression.

def eliminate_distinct_on( expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression) -> sqlglot.expressions.Expression: View Source

    46def eliminate_distinct_on(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
    47    """
    48    Convert SELECT DISTINCT ON statements to a subquery with a window function.
    49
    50    This is useful for dialects that don't support SELECT DISTINCT ON but support window functions.
    51
    52    Args:
    53        expression: the expression that will be transformed.
    54
    55    Returns:
    56        The transformed expression.
    57    """
    58    if (
    59        isinstance(expression, exp.Select)
    60        and expression.args.get("distinct")
    61        and expression.args["distinct"].args.get("on")
    62        and isinstance(expression.args["distinct"].args["on"], exp.Tuple)
    63    ):
    64        distinct_cols = expression.args["distinct"].pop().args["on"].expressions
    65        outer_selects = expression.selects
    66        row_number = find_new_name(expression.named_selects, "_row_number")
    67        window = exp.Window(this=exp.RowNumber(), partition_by=distinct_cols)
    68        order = expression.args.get("order")
    69
    70        if order:
    71            window.set("order", order.pop().copy())
    72
    73        window = exp.alias_(window, row_number)
    74        expression.select(window, copy=False)
    75
    76        return exp.select(*outer_selects).from_(expression.subquery()).where(f'"{row_number}" = 1')
    77
    78    return expression

Convert SELECT DISTINCT ON statements to a subquery with a window function.

This is useful for dialects that don't support SELECT DISTINCT ON but support window functions.

###### Arguments:

- expression: the expression that will be transformed.

###### Returns:

> The transformed expression.

def eliminate_qualify( expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression) -> sqlglot.expressions.Expression: View Source

     81def eliminate_qualify(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
     82    """
     83    Convert SELECT statements that contain the QUALIFY clause into subqueries, filtered equivalently.
     84
     85    The idea behind this transformation can be seen in Snowflake's documentation for QUALIFY:
     86    https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/constructs/qualify
     87
     88    Some dialects don't support window functions in the WHERE clause, so we need to include them as
     89    projections in the subquery, in order to refer to them in the outer filter using aliases. Also,
     90    if a column is referenced in the QUALIFY clause but is not selected, we need to include it too,
     91    otherwise we won't be able to refer to it in the outer query's WHERE clause.
     92    """
     93    if isinstance(expression, exp.Select) and expression.args.get("qualify"):
     94        taken = set(expression.named_selects)
     95        for select in expression.selects:
     96            if not select.alias_or_name:
     97                alias = find_new_name(taken, "_c")
     98                select.replace(exp.alias_(select, alias))
     99                taken.add(alias)
    100
    101        outer_selects = exp.select(*[select.alias_or_name for select in expression.selects])
    102        qualify_filters = expression.args["qualify"].pop().this
    103
    104        for expr in qualify_filters.find_all((exp.Window, exp.Column)):
    105            if isinstance(expr, exp.Window):
    106                alias = find_new_name(expression.named_selects, "_w")
    107                expression.select(exp.alias_(expr, alias), copy=False)
    108                column = exp.column(alias)
    109
    110                if isinstance(expr.parent, exp.Qualify):
    111                    qualify_filters = column
    112                else:
    113                    expr.replace(column)
    114            elif expr.name not in expression.named_selects:
    115                expression.select(expr.copy(), copy=False)
    116
    117        return outer_selects.from_(expression.subquery(alias="_t")).where(qualify_filters)
    118
    119    return expression

Convert SELECT statements that contain the QUALIFY clause into subqueries, filtered equivalently.

The idea behind this transformation can be seen in Snowflake's documentation for QUALIFY: https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/constructs/qualify

Some dialects don't support window functions in the WHERE clause, so we need to include them as projections in the subquery, in order to refer to them in the outer filter using aliases. Also, if a column is referenced in the QUALIFY clause but is not selected, we need to include it too, otherwise we won't be able to refer to it in the outer query's WHERE clause.

def remove_precision_parameterized_types( expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression) -> sqlglot.expressions.Expression: View Source

    122def remove_precision_parameterized_types(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
    123    """
    124    Some dialects only allow the precision for parameterized types to be defined in the DDL and not in
    125    other expressions. This transforms removes the precision from parameterized types in expressions.
    126    """
    127    for node in expression.find_all(exp.DataType):
    128        node.set("expressions", [e for e in node.expressions if isinstance(e, exp.DataType)])
    129
    130    return expression

Some dialects only allow the precision for parameterized types to be defined in the DDL and not in other expressions. This transforms removes the precision from parameterized types in expressions.

def unnest_to_explode( expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression) -> sqlglot.expressions.Expression: View Source

    133def unnest_to_explode(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
    134    """Convert cross join unnest into lateral view explode (used in presto -> hive)."""
    135    if isinstance(expression, exp.Select):
    136        for join in expression.args.get("joins") or []:
    137            unnest = join.this
    138
    139            if isinstance(unnest, exp.Unnest):
    140                alias = unnest.args.get("alias")
    141                udtf = exp.Posexplode if unnest.args.get("ordinality") else exp.Explode
    142
    143                expression.args["joins"].remove(join)
    144
    145                for e, column in zip(unnest.expressions, alias.columns if alias else []):
    146                    expression.append(
    147                        "laterals",
    148                        exp.Lateral(
    149                            this=udtf(this=e),
    150                            view=True,
    151                            alias=exp.TableAlias(this=alias.this, columns=[column]),  # type: ignore
    152                        ),
    153                    )
    154
    155    return expression

Convert cross join unnest into lateral view explode (used in presto -> hive).

def explode_to_unnest( expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression) -> sqlglot.expressions.Expression: View Source

    158def explode_to_unnest(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
    159    """Convert explode/posexplode into unnest (used in hive -> presto)."""
    160    if isinstance(expression, exp.Select):
    161        from sqlglot.optimizer.scope import build_scope
    162
    163        taken_select_names = set(expression.named_selects)
    164        scope = build_scope(expression)
    165        if not scope:
    166            return expression
    167        taken_source_names = set(scope.selected_sources)
    168
    169        for select in expression.selects:
    170            to_replace = select
    171
    172            pos_alias = ""
    173            explode_alias = ""
    174
    175            if isinstance(select, exp.Alias):
    176                explode_alias = select.alias
    177                select = select.this
    178            elif isinstance(select, exp.Aliases):
    179                pos_alias = select.aliases[0].name
    180                explode_alias = select.aliases[1].name
    181                select = select.this
    182
    183            if isinstance(select, (exp.Explode, exp.Posexplode)):
    184                is_posexplode = isinstance(select, exp.Posexplode)
    185
    186                explode_arg = select.this
    187                unnest = exp.Unnest(expressions=[explode_arg.copy()], ordinality=is_posexplode)
    188
    189                # This ensures that we won't use [POS]EXPLODE's argument as a new selection
    190                if isinstance(explode_arg, exp.Column):
    191                    taken_select_names.add(explode_arg.output_name)
    192
    193                unnest_source_alias = find_new_name(taken_source_names, "_u")
    194                taken_source_names.add(unnest_source_alias)
    195
    196                if not explode_alias:
    197                    explode_alias = find_new_name(taken_select_names, "col")
    198                    taken_select_names.add(explode_alias)
    199
    200                    if is_posexplode:
    201                        pos_alias = find_new_name(taken_select_names, "pos")
    202                        taken_select_names.add(pos_alias)
    203
    204                if is_posexplode:
    205                    column_names = [explode_alias, pos_alias]
    206                    to_replace.pop()
    207                    expression.select(pos_alias, explode_alias, copy=False)
    208                else:
    209                    column_names = [explode_alias]
    210                    to_replace.replace(exp.column(explode_alias))
    211
    212                unnest = exp.alias_(unnest, unnest_source_alias, table=column_names)
    213
    214                if not expression.args.get("from"):
    215                    expression.from_(unnest, copy=False)
    216                else:
    217                    expression.join(unnest, join_type="CROSS", copy=False)
    218
    219    return expression

Convert explode/posexplode into unnest (used in hive -> presto).

def remove_target_from_merge( expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression) -> sqlglot.expressions.Expression: View Source

    222def remove_target_from_merge(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
    223    """Remove table refs from columns in when statements."""
    224    if isinstance(expression, exp.Merge):
    225        alias = expression.this.args.get("alias")
    226        targets = {expression.this.this}
    227        if alias:
    228            targets.add(alias.this)
    229
    230        for when in expression.expressions:
    231            when.transform(
    232                lambda node: exp.column(node.name)
    233                if isinstance(node, exp.Column) and node.args.get("table") in targets
    234                else node,
    235                copy=False,
    236            )
    237
    238    return expression

Remove table refs from columns in when statements.

def remove_within_group_for_percentiles( expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression) -> sqlglot.expressions.Expression: View Source

    241def remove_within_group_for_percentiles(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
    242    if (
    243        isinstance(expression, exp.WithinGroup)
    244        and isinstance(expression.this, (exp.PercentileCont, exp.PercentileDisc))
    245        and isinstance(expression.expression, exp.Order)
    246    ):
    247        quantile = expression.this.this
    248        input_value = t.cast(exp.Ordered, expression.find(exp.Ordered)).this
    249        return expression.replace(exp.ApproxQuantile(this=input_value, quantile=quantile))
    250
    251    return expression

def add_recursive_cte_column_names( expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression) -> sqlglot.expressions.Expression: View Source

    254def add_recursive_cte_column_names(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
    255    if isinstance(expression, exp.With) and expression.recursive:
    256        next_name = name_sequence("_c_")
    257
    258        for cte in expression.expressions:
    259            if not cte.args["alias"].columns:
    260                query = cte.this
    261                if isinstance(query, exp.Union):
    262                    query = query.this
    263
    264                cte.args["alias"].set(
    265                    "columns",
    266                    [exp.to_identifier(s.alias_or_name or next_name()) for s in query.selects],
    267                )
    268
    269    return expression

def epoch_cast_to_ts( expression: sqlglot.expressions.Expression) -> sqlglot.expressions.Expression: View Source

    272def epoch_cast_to_ts(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
    273    if (
    274        isinstance(expression, (exp.Cast, exp.TryCast))
    275        and expression.name.lower() == "epoch"
    276        and expression.to.this in exp.DataType.TEMPORAL_TYPES
    277    ):
    278        expression.this.replace(exp.Literal.string("1970-01-01 00:00:00"))
    279
    280    return expression

def preprocess( transforms: List[Callable[[sqlglot.expressions.Expression], sqlglot.expressions.Expression]]) -> Callable[[sqlglot.generator.Generator, sqlglot.expressions.Expression], str]: View Source

    283def preprocess(
    284    transforms: t.List[t.Callable[[exp.Expression], exp.Expression]],
    285) -> t.Callable[[Generator, exp.Expression], str]:
    286    """
    287    Creates a new transform by chaining a sequence of transformations and converts the resulting
    288    expression to SQL, using either the "_sql" method corresponding to the resulting expression,
    289    or the appropriate `Generator.TRANSFORMS` function (when applicable -- see below).
    290
    291    Args:
    292        transforms: sequence of transform functions. These will be called in order.
    293
    294    Returns:
    295        Function that can be used as a generator transform.
    296    """
    297
    298    def _to_sql(self, expression: exp.Expression) -> str:
    299        expression_type = type(expression)
    300
    301        expression = transforms[0](expression.copy())
    302        for t in transforms[1:]:
    303            expression = t(expression)
    304
    305        _sql_handler = getattr(self, expression.key + "_sql", None)
    306        if _sql_handler:
    307            return _sql_handler(expression)
    308
    309        transforms_handler = self.TRANSFORMS.get(type(expression))
    310        if transforms_handler:
    311            # Ensures we don't enter an infinite loop. This can happen when the original expression
    312            # has the same type as the final expression and there's no _sql method available for it,
    313            # because then it'd re-enter _to_sql.
    314            if expression_type is type(expression):
    315                raise ValueError(
    316                    f"Expression type {expression.__class__.__name__} requires a _sql method in order to be transformed."
    317                )
    318
    319            return transforms_handler(self, expression)
    320
    321        raise ValueError(f"Unsupported expression type {expression.__class__.__name__}.")
    322
    323    return _to_sql

Creates a new transform by chaining a sequence of transformations and converts the resulting expression to SQL, using either the "_sql" method corresponding to the resulting expression, or the appropriate `Generator.TRANSFORMS` function (when applicable -- see below).

###### Arguments:

- transforms: sequence of transform functions. These will be called in order.

###### Returns:

> Function that can be used as a generator transform.