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# sqlglot.optimizer.merge_subqueries

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      1from collections import defaultdict
      2
      3from sqlglot import expressions as exp
      4from sqlglot.helper import find_new_name
      5from sqlglot.optimizer.scope import Scope, traverse_scope
      6
      7
      8def merge_subqueries(expression, leave_tables_isolated=False):
      9    """
     10    Rewrite sqlglot AST to merge derived tables into the outer query.
     11
     12    This also merges CTEs if they are selected from only once.
     13
     14    Example:
     15        >>> import sqlglot
     16        >>> expression = sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT a FROM (SELECT x.a FROM x) CROSS JOIN y")
     17        >>> merge_subqueries(expression).sql()
     18        'SELECT x.a FROM x CROSS JOIN y'
     19
     20    If `leave_tables_isolated` is True, this will not merge inner queries into outer
     21    queries if it would result in multiple table selects in a single query:
     22        >>> expression = sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT a FROM (SELECT x.a FROM x) CROSS JOIN y")
     23        >>> merge_subqueries(expression, leave_tables_isolated=True).sql()
     24        'SELECT a FROM (SELECT x.a FROM x) CROSS JOIN y'
     25
     26    Inspired by https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/derived-table-optimization.html
     27
     28    Args:
     29        expression (sqlglot.Expression): expression to optimize
     30        leave_tables_isolated (bool):
     31    Returns:
     32        sqlglot.Expression: optimized expression
     33    """
     34    expression = merge_ctes(expression, leave_tables_isolated)
     35    expression = merge_derived_tables(expression, leave_tables_isolated)
     36    return expression
     37
     38
     39# If a derived table has these Select args, it can't be merged
     40UNMERGABLE_ARGS = set(exp.Select.arg_types) - {
     41    "expressions",
     42    "from",
     43    "joins",
     44    "where",
     45    "order",
     46    "hint",
     47}
     48
     49
     50def merge_ctes(expression, leave_tables_isolated=False):
     51    scopes = traverse_scope(expression)
     52
     53    # All places where we select from CTEs.
     54    # We key on the CTE scope so we can detect CTES that are selected from multiple times.
     55    cte_selections = defaultdict(list)
     56    for outer_scope in scopes:
     57        for table, inner_scope in outer_scope.selected_sources.values():
     58            if isinstance(inner_scope, Scope) and inner_scope.is_cte:
     59                cte_selections[id(inner_scope)].append(
     60                    (
     61                        outer_scope,
     62                        inner_scope,
     63                        table,
     64                    )
     65                )
     66
     67    singular_cte_selections = [v[0] for k, v in cte_selections.items() if len(v) == 1]
     68    for outer_scope, inner_scope, table in singular_cte_selections:
     69        from_or_join = table.find_ancestor(exp.From, exp.Join)
     70        if _mergeable(outer_scope, inner_scope, leave_tables_isolated, from_or_join):
     71            alias = table.alias_or_name
     72            _rename_inner_sources(outer_scope, inner_scope, alias)
     73            _merge_from(outer_scope, inner_scope, table, alias)
     74            _merge_expressions(outer_scope, inner_scope, alias)
     75            _merge_joins(outer_scope, inner_scope, from_or_join)
     76            _merge_where(outer_scope, inner_scope, from_or_join)
     77            _merge_order(outer_scope, inner_scope)
     78            _merge_hints(outer_scope, inner_scope)
     79            _pop_cte(inner_scope)
     80            outer_scope.clear_cache()
     81    return expression
     82
     83
     84def merge_derived_tables(expression, leave_tables_isolated=False):
     85    for outer_scope in traverse_scope(expression):
     86        for subquery in outer_scope.derived_tables:
     87            from_or_join = subquery.find_ancestor(exp.From, exp.Join)
     88            alias = subquery.alias_or_name
     89            inner_scope = outer_scope.sources[alias]
     90            if _mergeable(outer_scope, inner_scope, leave_tables_isolated, from_or_join):
     91                _rename_inner_sources(outer_scope, inner_scope, alias)
     92                _merge_from(outer_scope, inner_scope, subquery, alias)
     93                _merge_expressions(outer_scope, inner_scope, alias)
     94                _merge_joins(outer_scope, inner_scope, from_or_join)
     95                _merge_where(outer_scope, inner_scope, from_or_join)
     96                _merge_order(outer_scope, inner_scope)
     97                _merge_hints(outer_scope, inner_scope)
     98                outer_scope.clear_cache()
     99    return expression
    100
    101
    102def _mergeable(outer_scope, inner_scope, leave_tables_isolated, from_or_join):
    103    """
    104    Return True if `inner_select` can be merged into outer query.
    105
    106    Args:
    107        outer_scope (Scope)
    108        inner_scope (Scope)
    109        leave_tables_isolated (bool)
    110        from_or_join (exp.From|exp.Join)
    111    Returns:
    112        bool: True if can be merged
    113    """
    114    inner_select = inner_scope.expression.unnest()
    115
    116    def _is_a_window_expression_in_unmergable_operation():
    117        window_expressions = inner_select.find_all(exp.Window)
    118        window_alias_names = {window.parent.alias_or_name for window in window_expressions}
    119        inner_select_name = inner_select.parent.alias_or_name
    120        unmergable_window_columns = [
    121            column
    122            for column in outer_scope.columns
    123            if column.find_ancestor(
    124                exp.Where, exp.Group, exp.Order, exp.Join, exp.Having, exp.AggFunc
    125            )
    126        ]
    127        window_expressions_in_unmergable = [
    128            column
    129            for column in unmergable_window_columns
    130            if column.table == inner_select_name and column.name in window_alias_names
    131        ]
    132        return any(window_expressions_in_unmergable)
    133
    134    def _outer_select_joins_on_inner_select_join():
    135        """
    136        All columns from the inner select in the ON clause must be from the first FROM table.
    137
    138        That is, this can be merged:
    139            SELECT * FROM x JOIN (SELECT y.a AS a FROM y JOIN z) AS q ON x.a = q.a
    140                                         ^^^           ^
    141        But this can't:
    142            SELECT * FROM x JOIN (SELECT z.a AS a FROM y JOIN z) AS q ON x.a = q.a
    143                                         ^^^                  ^
    144        """
    145        if not isinstance(from_or_join, exp.Join):
    146            return False
    147
    148        alias = from_or_join.alias_or_name
    149
    150        on = from_or_join.args.get("on")
    151        if not on:
    152            return False
    153        selections = [c.name for c in on.find_all(exp.Column) if c.table == alias]
    154        inner_from = inner_scope.expression.args.get("from")
    155        if not inner_from:
    156            return False
    157        inner_from_table = inner_from.alias_or_name
    158        inner_projections = {s.alias_or_name: s for s in inner_scope.selects}
    159        return any(
    160            col.table != inner_from_table
    161            for selection in selections
    162            for col in inner_projections[selection].find_all(exp.Column)
    163        )
    164
    165    return (
    166        isinstance(outer_scope.expression, exp.Select)
    167        and isinstance(inner_select, exp.Select)
    168        and not any(inner_select.args.get(arg) for arg in UNMERGABLE_ARGS)
    169        and inner_select.args.get("from")
    170        and not outer_scope.pivots
    171        and not any(e.find(exp.AggFunc, exp.Select) for e in inner_select.expressions)
    172        and not (leave_tables_isolated and len(outer_scope.selected_sources) > 1)
    173        and not (
    174            isinstance(from_or_join, exp.Join)
    175            and inner_select.args.get("where")
    176            and from_or_join.side in {"FULL", "LEFT", "RIGHT"}
    177        )
    178        and not (
    179            isinstance(from_or_join, exp.From)
    180            and inner_select.args.get("where")
    181            and any(
    182                j.side in {"FULL", "RIGHT"} for j in outer_scope.expression.args.get("joins", [])
    183            )
    184        )
    185        and not _outer_select_joins_on_inner_select_join()
    186        and not _is_a_window_expression_in_unmergable_operation()
    187    )
    188
    189
    190def _rename_inner_sources(outer_scope, inner_scope, alias):
    191    """
    192    Renames any sources in the inner query that conflict with names in the outer query.
    193
    194    Args:
    195        outer_scope (sqlglot.optimizer.scope.Scope)
    196        inner_scope (sqlglot.optimizer.scope.Scope)
    197        alias (str)
    198    """
    199    taken = set(outer_scope.selected_sources)
    200    conflicts = taken.intersection(set(inner_scope.selected_sources))
    201    conflicts -= {alias}
    202
    203    for conflict in conflicts:
    204        new_name = find_new_name(taken, conflict)
    205
    206        source, _ = inner_scope.selected_sources[conflict]
    207        new_alias = exp.to_identifier(new_name)
    208
    209        if isinstance(source, exp.Subquery):
    210            source.set("alias", exp.TableAlias(this=new_alias))
    211        elif isinstance(source, exp.Table) and source.alias:
    212            source.set("alias", new_alias)
    213        elif isinstance(source, exp.Table):
    214            source.replace(exp.alias_(source, new_alias))
    215
    216        for column in inner_scope.source_columns(conflict):
    217            column.set("table", exp.to_identifier(new_name))
    218
    219        inner_scope.rename_source(conflict, new_name)
    220
    221
    222def _merge_from(outer_scope, inner_scope, node_to_replace, alias):
    223    """
    224    Merge FROM clause of inner query into outer query.
    225
    226    Args:
    227        outer_scope (sqlglot.optimizer.scope.Scope)
    228        inner_scope (sqlglot.optimizer.scope.Scope)
    229        node_to_replace (exp.Subquery|exp.Table)
    230        alias (str)
    231    """
    232    new_subquery = inner_scope.expression.args["from"].this
    233    node_to_replace.replace(new_subquery)
    234    for join_hint in outer_scope.join_hints:
    235        tables = join_hint.find_all(exp.Table)
    236        for table in tables:
    237            if table.alias_or_name == node_to_replace.alias_or_name:
    238                table.set("this", exp.to_identifier(new_subquery.alias_or_name))
    239    outer_scope.remove_source(alias)
    240    outer_scope.add_source(
    241        new_subquery.alias_or_name, inner_scope.sources[new_subquery.alias_or_name]
    242    )
    243
    244
    245def _merge_joins(outer_scope, inner_scope, from_or_join):
    246    """
    247    Merge JOIN clauses of inner query into outer query.
    248
    249    Args:
    250        outer_scope (sqlglot.optimizer.scope.Scope)
    251        inner_scope (sqlglot.optimizer.scope.Scope)
    252        from_or_join (exp.From|exp.Join)
    253    """
    254
    255    new_joins = []
    256
    257    joins = inner_scope.expression.args.get("joins") or []
    258    for join in joins:
    259        new_joins.append(join)
    260        outer_scope.add_source(join.alias_or_name, inner_scope.sources[join.alias_or_name])
    261
    262    if new_joins:
    263        outer_joins = outer_scope.expression.args.get("joins", [])
    264
    265        # Maintain the join order
    266        if isinstance(from_or_join, exp.From):
    267            position = 0
    268        else:
    269            position = outer_joins.index(from_or_join) + 1
    270        outer_joins[position:position] = new_joins
    271
    272        outer_scope.expression.set("joins", outer_joins)
    273
    274
    275def _merge_expressions(outer_scope, inner_scope, alias):
    276    """
    277    Merge projections of inner query into outer query.
    278
    279    Args:
    280        outer_scope (sqlglot.optimizer.scope.Scope)
    281        inner_scope (sqlglot.optimizer.scope.Scope)
    282        alias (str)
    283    """
    284    # Collect all columns that reference the alias of the inner query
    285    outer_columns = defaultdict(list)
    286    for column in outer_scope.columns:
    287        if column.table == alias:
    288            outer_columns[column.name].append(column)
    289
    290    # Replace columns with the projection expression in the inner query
    291    for expression in inner_scope.expression.expressions:
    292        projection_name = expression.alias_or_name
    293        if not projection_name:
    294            continue
    295        columns_to_replace = outer_columns.get(projection_name, [])
    296        for column in columns_to_replace:
    297            column.replace(expression.unalias().copy())
    298
    299
    300def _merge_where(outer_scope, inner_scope, from_or_join):
    301    """
    302    Merge WHERE clause of inner query into outer query.
    303
    304    Args:
    305        outer_scope (sqlglot.optimizer.scope.Scope)
    306        inner_scope (sqlglot.optimizer.scope.Scope)
    307        from_or_join (exp.From|exp.Join)
    308    """
    309    where = inner_scope.expression.args.get("where")
    310    if not where or not where.this:
    311        return
    312
    313    expression = outer_scope.expression
    314
    315    if isinstance(from_or_join, exp.Join):
    316        # Merge predicates from an outer join to the ON clause
    317        # if it only has columns that are already joined
    318        from_ = expression.args.get("from")
    319        sources = {from_.alias_or_name} if from_ else {}
    320
    321        for join in expression.args["joins"]:
    322            source = join.alias_or_name
    323            sources.add(source)
    324            if source == from_or_join.alias_or_name:
    325                break
    326
    327        if exp.column_table_names(where.this) <= sources:
    328            from_or_join.on(where.this, copy=False)
    329            from_or_join.set("on", from_or_join.args.get("on"))
    330            return
    331
    332    expression.where(where.this, copy=False)
    333
    334
    335def _merge_order(outer_scope, inner_scope):
    336    """
    337    Merge ORDER clause of inner query into outer query.
    338
    339    Args:
    340        outer_scope (sqlglot.optimizer.scope.Scope)
    341        inner_scope (sqlglot.optimizer.scope.Scope)
    342    """
    343    if (
    344        any(
    345            outer_scope.expression.args.get(arg) for arg in ["group", "distinct", "having", "order"]
    346        )
    347        or len(outer_scope.selected_sources) != 1
    348        or any(expression.find(exp.AggFunc) for expression in outer_scope.expression.expressions)
    349    ):
    350        return
    351
    352    outer_scope.expression.set("order", inner_scope.expression.args.get("order"))
    353
    354
    355def _merge_hints(outer_scope, inner_scope):
    356    inner_scope_hint = inner_scope.expression.args.get("hint")
    357    if not inner_scope_hint:
    358        return
    359    outer_scope_hint = outer_scope.expression.args.get("hint")
    360    if outer_scope_hint:
    361        for hint_expression in inner_scope_hint.expressions:
    362            outer_scope_hint.append("expressions", hint_expression)
    363    else:
    364        outer_scope.expression.set("hint", inner_scope_hint)
    365
    366
    367def _pop_cte(inner_scope):
    368    """
    369    Remove CTE from the AST.
    370
    371    Args:
    372        inner_scope (sqlglot.optimizer.scope.Scope)
    373    """
    374    cte = inner_scope.expression.parent
    375    with_ = cte.parent
    376    if len(with_.expressions) == 1:
    377        with_.pop()
    378    else:
    379        cte.pop()

def merge_subqueries(expression, leave_tables_isolated=False): View Source

     9def merge_subqueries(expression, leave_tables_isolated=False):
    10    """
    11    Rewrite sqlglot AST to merge derived tables into the outer query.
    12
    13    This also merges CTEs if they are selected from only once.
    14
    15    Example:
    16        >>> import sqlglot
    17        >>> expression = sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT a FROM (SELECT x.a FROM x) CROSS JOIN y")
    18        >>> merge_subqueries(expression).sql()
    19        'SELECT x.a FROM x CROSS JOIN y'
    20
    21    If `leave_tables_isolated` is True, this will not merge inner queries into outer
    22    queries if it would result in multiple table selects in a single query:
    23        >>> expression = sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT a FROM (SELECT x.a FROM x) CROSS JOIN y")
    24        >>> merge_subqueries(expression, leave_tables_isolated=True).sql()
    25        'SELECT a FROM (SELECT x.a FROM x) CROSS JOIN y'
    26
    27    Inspired by https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/derived-table-optimization.html
    28
    29    Args:
    30        expression (sqlglot.Expression): expression to optimize
    31        leave_tables_isolated (bool):
    32    Returns:
    33        sqlglot.Expression: optimized expression
    34    """
    35    expression = merge_ctes(expression, leave_tables_isolated)
    36    expression = merge_derived_tables(expression, leave_tables_isolated)
    37    return expression

Rewrite sqlglot AST to merge derived tables into the outer query.

This also merges CTEs if they are selected from only once.

###### Example:

>     >>> import sqlglot
>     >>> expression = sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT a FROM (SELECT x.a FROM x) CROSS JOIN y")
>     >>> merge_subqueries(expression).sql()
>     'SELECT x.a FROM x CROSS JOIN y'

If `leave_tables_isolated` is True, this will not merge inner queries into outer queries if it would result in multiple table selects in a single query:

> > > expression = sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT a FROM (SELECT x.a FROM x) CROSS JOIN y") merge_subqueries(expression, leave_tables_isolated=True).sql() 'SELECT a FROM (SELECT x.a FROM x) CROSS JOIN y'

Inspired by https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/derived-table-optimization.html

###### Arguments:

- expression (sqlglot.Expression): expression to optimize
- leave_tables_isolated (bool):

###### Returns:

> sqlglot.Expression: optimized expression

UNMERGABLE_ARGS = {'match', 'sample', 'having', 'settings', 'into', 'offset', 'group', 'pivots', 'with', 'laterals', 'kind', 'locks', 'distinct', 'cluster', 'format', 'limit', 'sort', 'windows', 'distribute', 'qualify'}
def merge_ctes(expression, leave_tables_isolated=False): View Source

    51def merge_ctes(expression, leave_tables_isolated=False):
    52    scopes = traverse_scope(expression)
    53
    54    # All places where we select from CTEs.
    55    # We key on the CTE scope so we can detect CTES that are selected from multiple times.
    56    cte_selections = defaultdict(list)
    57    for outer_scope in scopes:
    58        for table, inner_scope in outer_scope.selected_sources.values():
    59            if isinstance(inner_scope, Scope) and inner_scope.is_cte:
    60                cte_selections[id(inner_scope)].append(
    61                    (
    62                        outer_scope,
    63                        inner_scope,
    64                        table,
    65                    )
    66                )
    67
    68    singular_cte_selections = [v[0] for k, v in cte_selections.items() if len(v) == 1]
    69    for outer_scope, inner_scope, table in singular_cte_selections:
    70        from_or_join = table.find_ancestor(exp.From, exp.Join)
    71        if _mergeable(outer_scope, inner_scope, leave_tables_isolated, from_or_join):
    72            alias = table.alias_or_name
    73            _rename_inner_sources(outer_scope, inner_scope, alias)
    74            _merge_from(outer_scope, inner_scope, table, alias)
    75            _merge_expressions(outer_scope, inner_scope, alias)
    76            _merge_joins(outer_scope, inner_scope, from_or_join)
    77            _merge_where(outer_scope, inner_scope, from_or_join)
    78            _merge_order(outer_scope, inner_scope)
    79            _merge_hints(outer_scope, inner_scope)
    80            _pop_cte(inner_scope)
    81            outer_scope.clear_cache()
    82    return expression

def merge_derived_tables(expression, leave_tables_isolated=False): View Source

     85def merge_derived_tables(expression, leave_tables_isolated=False):
     86    for outer_scope in traverse_scope(expression):
     87        for subquery in outer_scope.derived_tables:
     88            from_or_join = subquery.find_ancestor(exp.From, exp.Join)
     89            alias = subquery.alias_or_name
     90            inner_scope = outer_scope.sources[alias]
     91            if _mergeable(outer_scope, inner_scope, leave_tables_isolated, from_or_join):
     92                _rename_inner_sources(outer_scope, inner_scope, alias)
     93                _merge_from(outer_scope, inner_scope, subquery, alias)
     94                _merge_expressions(outer_scope, inner_scope, alias)
     95                _merge_joins(outer_scope, inner_scope, from_or_join)
     96                _merge_where(outer_scope, inner_scope, from_or_join)
     97                _merge_order(outer_scope, inner_scope)
     98                _merge_hints(outer_scope, inner_scope)
     99                outer_scope.clear_cache()
    100    return expression